1. On problems concerning the date and place of Augustus’s birth, see David Wardle, Suetonius, Life of Augustus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 95–97.
2. Wardle, Suetonius, Life of Augustus, 109.
3. Mark Toher, “Octavian’s arrival in Rome, 44 B.C.,” Classical Quarterly 54, no. 1 (2004): 174–184.
4. Nandini B. Pandey, The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 35–82.
5. Walter Schmitthenner, Oktavian und das Testament Cäsars: Eine Untersuchung zu den politischen Anfängen des Augustus, 2nd ed. (Munich: Beck, 1973), 104–115.
6. Alison E. Cooley, Res Gestae divi Augusti: Text, Translation, and Commentary (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 113.
7. Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939), 187–201.
8. On the renewal of the triumvirate, see Cooley, Res Gestae, 134.
9. On Caesar’s divinization, see Michael Koortbojian, The Divinization of Caesar and Augustus: Precedents, Consequences, Implications (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
10. Cooley, Res Gestae, 115–116.
11. Judith P. Hallett, “Perusinae glandes and the changing image of Augustus,” American Journal of Ancient History 2 (1977): 151–170; full corpus of the Perusine glandes in Lucio Benedetti, Glandes Perusinae:Revisione e aggiornamenti (Rome: Quasar, 2012).
12. Wardle, Suetonius, Life of Augustus, 205.
13. John W. Rich and Jonathan H. C. Williams, “Leges et ivra p.R. restituit: A New Aureus of Octavian and the Settlement of 28–27 bc,” Numismatic Chronicle 159 (1999): 169–213.
14. Fundamental analysis of new visual language under Augustus developed by Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, trans. Alan Shapiro (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988).
15. Ronald Syme, “Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature,” Historia 7 (1958): 172–188, reprinted in Roman Papers, vol. 1, ed. Ernst Badian (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), 361–377.
16. Cooley, Res Gestae, 224–228.
17. Compare Roman influence on coins minted by Kujula Kadphises, founder of the Kushan empire, generally dated 30–80 ce but possibly contemporary or near-contemporary with Augustus: Karl-Uwe Mahler, “Augustus und Kujula Kadphises, Herrscher der Kushan,” in Augustus—Der Blick von außen: Die Wahrnehmung des Kaisers in den Provinzen des Reiches und in den Nachbarstaaten; Akten der Internationalen Tagung an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz vom 12. bis 14. Oktober 2006, ed. Detlev Kreikenbom (Wiesbaden: Harassowitz, 2008), 297–320.
18. The remains of an Augustan arch in the Roman Forum next to the temple of divus Iulius have been interpreted variously as the Actian Arch and the Parthian Arch: John Rich, “Augustus’s Parthian Honours, The Temple of Mars Ultor and the Arch in the Forum Romanum,” Papers of the British School at Rome 66 (1998): 71–128; and Amy Russell, “The Augustan Senate and the Reconfiguration of Time on the Fasti Capitolini,” in Augustus and the Destruction of History: The Politics of the Past in Early Imperial Rome, ed. Ingo Gildenhard et al. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Philological Society, 2019), 157–186.
19. C. Brian Rose, “The Parthians in Augustan Rome,” American Journal of Archaeology 109, no. 1 (2005): 21–75.
20. Cooley, Res Gestae, 230–234.
21. For the term “friendly king,” see David Braund, Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship (London: Croom Helm, 1984). The complementary role of royal women is explored by Duane W. Roller, Cleopatra’s Daughter and Other Royal Women of the Augustan Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).
22. Duane W. Roller, The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome’s African Frontier (New York: Routledge, 2003).
23. David Jacobson and Nikos Kokkinos, eds., Herod and Augustus: IJS Conference, 21st–23rd June 2005 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008).
24. Important contribution on the relationship between geographical knowledge and imperial power in the Augustan era by Claude Nicolet, Space, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991).
25. John Richardson, The Language of Empire: Rome and the Idea of Empire from the Third Century bc to the Second Century ad (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 117–145.
26. Wolfgang Havener, “Augustus and the End of ‘Triumphalist History,’” in Augustus and the Destruction of History: The Politics of the Past in Early Imperial Rome, ed. Ingo Gildenhard et al., eds. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Philological Society, 2019), 111–131.
27. Kurt A. Raaflaub, “The Political Significance of Augustus’ Military Reforms,” in Augustus, ed. Jonathan Edmondson (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), 203–228.
28. Stephen Mitchell and Marc Waelkens, Pisidian Antioch: The Site and its Monuments (London: Duckworth, 1998).
29. Fundamental on “public” (rather than “senatorial”) provinces: Fergus Millar, “‘Senatorial’ Provinces: An Institutionalized Ghost,” Ancient World 20 (1989): 93–97, reprinted in Hannah Cotton and Guy Rogers, eds., Rome, the Greek World, and the East, vol.1., The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 314–320.
30. Josiah Ober, “Tiberius and the Political Testament of Augustus,” Historia 31, no. 3 (1982): 306–328.
31. Survey article by John Patterson, “The City of Rome: From Republic to Empire,” Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992): 186–215. For all topographical details relating to Rome, see Digital Augustan Rome, which complements the printed volume Mapping Augustan Rome, ed. Lothar Haselberger, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 50 (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2002, reprinted with corrections 2009), 50; and Eva M. Steinby, ed., Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, 6 vols. (Rome: Quasar, 1993–2000).
32. Konrad Kraft, “Der Sinn des Mausoleums des Augustus,” Historia 16 (1967): 189–206; Henner von Hesberg and Silvio Panciera, Das Mausoleum des Augustus: Der Bau und seine Inschriften (Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1994); and Penelope J. E. Davies, Death and the Emperor: Roman Imperial Funerary Monuments from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000).
33. For insightful overviews of Augustus’s impact on religion, see Simon R. F. Price, “The Place of Religion: Rome in the early Empire,” in Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 812–847; John Scheid “Augustus and Roman Religion: Continuity, Conservatism, and Innovation,” in The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus, ed. Karl Galinsky (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 175–193; and Jörg Rüpke, Pantheon. A New History of Roman Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018), 185–210.
34. For the importance of his election as pontifex maximus for Augustus’s ability to influence Roman religious life, see John Scheid, “Ronald Syme et la religion des Romains,” in La Révolution Romaine après Ronald Syme, ed. Adalberto Giovannini (Geneva: Fondation Hardt, 2000), 39–72.
35. Penelope Goodman, “In omnibus regionibus?: The Fourteen Regions and the City of Rome,” Papers of the British School at Rome 88 (2020): 119–150; and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, “Mutatas formas: The Augustan Transformation of Roman Knowledge,” in The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus, ed. Karl Galinsky (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 55–84, esp. 76–78.
36. Marianne Bonnefond, “Transferts de fonctions et mutation idéologique: Le Capitole et le Forum d’Auguste,” in L’Urbs: Espace urbain et histoire, Collection de l’École Française de Rome 98 (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1987), 251–278.
37. Statue fragments published by Joachim Ganzert and Valentin Kockel, “Augustusforum und Mars-Ultor-Tempel,” in Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik (Berlin: Antikenmuseum, 1988), 194–199, nos. 80–92; analysis of the whole complex by Martin Spannagel, Exemplaria Principis: Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Ausstattung des Augustusforums (Heidelberg: Verlag Archäologie und Geschichte, 1999). On the statues, see Joseph Geiger, The First Hall of Fame: A Study of the Statues in the Forum Augustum (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008).
38. Vibeke Goldbeck, Fora augusta:Das Augustusforum und seine Rezeption im Westen des Imperium Romanum (Regensburg: Schnell und Steiner, 2015).
39. Zanker, Power of Images, 192–215; T. James Luce, “Livy, Augustus, and the Forum Augustum,” in Between Republic and Empire. Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate, ed. Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), 123–138.
40. Havener, “Augustus and the end of ‘Triumphalist History’”; and Russell, “The Augustan Senate and the Reconfiguration of Time on the Fasti Capitolini.”
41. Nicholas Purcell, “Forum Romanum (the Imperial Period),” in Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae. ed. Eva M. Steinby, vol. 2 (Rome: Quasar, 1995), 336–342.
42. Penelope J. E. Davies, Death and the Emperor: Roman Imperial Funerary Monuments from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), esp. 49–67.
43. Zanker, Power of Images, esp. 120–123, 172–183, 217–218; John Elsner, “Cult and Sculpture: Sacrifice in the Ara Pacis Augustae,” Journal of Roman Studies 81 (1991): 50–61; and Hannah Cornwell, Pax and the Politics of Peace: Republic to Principate (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), esp. 155–183.
44. In the past, debate has raged over the nature of this monument, whether sundial or meridian instrument: see Lothar Haselberger, ed., The Horologium of Augustus: Debate and Context (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2014); and Bernard Frischer, “Edmund Buchner’s Solarium Augusti: New Observations and Simpirical Studies,” Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia, 3rd ser., Rendiconti 89 (2017): 3–90.
45. T. Peter Wiseman, The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019).
46. T. Peter Wiseman, Historiography and Imagination: Eight Essays on Roman Culture (Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 1994), chapter 8.
47. Mary Beard, John North, and Simon Price, Religions of Rome (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 1:192–206.
48. Richard Gordon, “The Veil of Power: Emperors, Sacrificers and Benefactors,” in Pagan Priests: Religion and Power in the Ancient World, ed. Mary Beard and John North (London: Duckworth, 1990), 201–231, esp. 206–211.
49. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, “Civilis princeps: Between Citizen and King,” Journal of Roman Studies 72 (1982): 32–48.
50. Price, “The Place of Religion: Rome in the Early Empire”; and Scheid, “Augustus and Roman Religion: Continuity, Conservatism, and Innovation.”
51. Bärbel Schnegg-Köhler, Die augusteischen Säkularspiele, Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 4 (Munich and Leipzig: Saur, 2002); and Bärbel Schnegg, Die Inschriften zu den Ludi saeculares: Acta ludorum saecularium (Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2020).
52. Denis Feeney, Literature and Religion at Rome: Cultures, Contexts, and Beliefs (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 32–38; and Alison E. Cooley, “Beyond Rome and Latium: Roman Religion in the Age of Augustus,” in Religion in Republican Italy, ed. Celia E. Schultz and Paul B. Harvey, Jr., Yale Classical Studies 33 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 228–252.
53. J. Bert Lott, The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Harriet I. Flower, The Dancing Lares and the Serpent in the Garden: Religion at the Roman Street Corner (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), esp. 255–347; and Amy Russell, “The Altars of the Lares Augusti: A View from the Streets of Augustan Iconography,” in The Social Dynamics of Roman Imperial Imagery, ed. Amy Russell and Monica Hellström (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 25–51.
54. For the West, see Duncan Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire, 4 vols. (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1991–2005); for the East, Simon Price, Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984); for Rome and Italy, Ittai Gradel, Emperor Worship and Roman Religion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002). Succinct overview: Gwynaeth McIntyre, Imperial Cult (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019).
55. Nicholas Purcell, “The Nicopolitan Synoecism and Roman Urban Policy,” in Nicopolis I: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Nicopolis, ed. Evangelos Chrysos (Preveza, Greece: Dēmos Prevezas, 1987), 71–90.
56. Claude Nicolet, “Augustus, Government, and the Propertied Classes,” in Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects, ed. Fergus Millar and Erich Segal (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 89–128; and Amy Russell, “Inventing the Imperial Senate,” in The Alternative Augustan Age, ed. Kit Morrell, Josiah Osgood, and Kathryn Welch (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 325–341.
57. Cooley, Res Gestae, 138–139.
58. T. Peter Wiseman, New Men in the Roman Senate, 139 B.C.–A.D.14 (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), esp. 177–178.
59. Cooley, Res Gestae, 126.
60. Wardle, Suetonius, Life of Augustus, 284.
61. Nicolet, “Augustus, Government, and the Propertied Classes.”
62. Wardle, Suetonius, Life of Augustus, 272–278.
63. Peter A. Brunt, “The Role of the Senate in the Augustan Regime,” Classical Quarterly 34 (1984): 423–444.
64. Werner Eck, “Senatorial Self-Representation: Developments in the Roman Period,” in Caesar Augustus. Seven Aspects, ed. Fergus Millar and Erich Segal (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 129–167.
65. Nicolet, “Augustus, Government, and the Propertied Classes.”
66. Nicholas Purcell, “The apparitores: A Study in Social Mobility,” Papers of the British School at Rome 51 (1983): 125–173.
67. Paul R. C. Weaver, “Where Have all the Junian Latins Gone?: Nomenclature and Status in the Early Empire,” Chiron 20 (1990): 275–305.
68. On the columbarium for Livia’s household, see Susan Treggiari, “Jobs in the Household of Livia,” Papers of the British School at Rome 43 (1975): 48–77; on the development of columbarium tombs more generally under Augustus, see Dorian Borbonus, Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
69. Paul R. C. Weaver, Familia Caesaris: A Social Study of the Emperor’s Freedmen and Slaves (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1972).
70. Flower, The Dancing Lares and the Serpent in the Garden, 263–268.
71. Beth Severy, Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire (New York and London: Routledge, 2003).
72. On the changing profile of women in public and private under Augustus, see Kristina Milnor, Gender, Domesticity and the Age of Augustus: Inventing Private Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
73. Andrew Pettinger, The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
74. Alison E. Cooley, “From the Augustan Principate to the Invention of the Age of Augustus,” Journal of Roman Studies 109 (2019): 71–87.
75. Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939).
76. Fergus Millar and Erich Segal, eds., Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher, eds., Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate (Berkeley and Oxford: University of California Press, 1990); and Adalberto Giovannini, ed., La Révolution Romaine après Ronald Syme: Bilans et perspectives (Geneva: Fondation Hardt, 2000).
77. For example, David West and Tony Woodman, eds., Poetry and Politics in the Age of Augustus (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Anton Powell, ed., Roman Poetry and Propaganda in the Age of Augustus (London: Bristol Classical Press, 1992); Peter White, Promised Verse: Poets in the Society of Augustan Rome (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1993); Michèle Lowrie, Writing, Performance, and Authority in Augustan Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009); John F. Miller, Apollo, Augustus, and the Poets (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Philip Hardie, ed., Paradox and the Marvellous in Augustan Literature and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009); Joseph Farrell and Damien P. Nelis, eds., Augustan Poetry and the Roman Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); Nandini B. Pandey, The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to early Imperial Iconography (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018). On individual authors, Hans P. Stahl, Propertius: “Love” and “War”: Individual and State under Augustus (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985); Tara S. Welch, The Elegiac Cityscape: Propertius and the Meaning of Roman Monuments (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005); Francis Cairns, Sextus Propertius: The AugustanElegist (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Philip R. Hardie, Virgil’s Aeneid: Cosmos and Imperium (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986); R. Oliver A. M. Lyne, Further Voices in Vergil’s Aeneid (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987); R. Oliver A. M. Lyne, Horace: Behind the Public Poetry (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1995); Alessandro Barchiesi, The Poet and the Prince: Ovid and Augustan Discourse (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997); and Peter J. Davis, Ovid and Augustus: A Political Reading of Ovid’s Erotic Poems (London: Duckworth, 2006).
78. Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, trans. Alan Shapiro (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988), originally published as Augustus und die Macht der Bilder (Munich: Beck, 1987).
79. Eva M. Steinby, ed., Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, 6 vols. (Rome: Quasar, 1993–2000); Digital Augustan Rome web site; and Lothar Haselberger, ed., Mapping Augustan Rome, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 50 (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2002; reprinted with corrections, 2009).
80. John Patterson, “The City of Rome: From Republic to Empire,” Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992): 186–215.
81. On constitutional questions, see, for example, Arnold H. M. Jones, “The Imperium of Augustus,” Journal of Roman Studies 41 (1951): 112–119; Jean-Louis Ferrary, “À propos des pouvoirs d’Auguste,” Cahiers Centre Glotz 12 (2001): 101–154; Hannah M. Cotton and Alexander Yakobson, “Arcanum Imperii: The Powers of Augustus,” in Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin, ed. Gill Clark and Tessa Rajak (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 193–209.
82. Edwin A. Judge, “‘Res Publica Restituta’: A Modern Illusion?,” in Polis and Imperium: Studies in Honour of Edward Togo Salmon, ed. James A. S. Evans (Toronto: Hakkert, 1974), 279–312; at greater length in Edwin A. Judge, The Failure of Augustus (Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019). See also Fergus Millar, “Two Augustan Notes,” Classical Review 18 (1968): 263–266.
83. The limitations of a constitutional approach are explored by Walter Eder, “Augustus and the Power of Tradition,” and Erich S. Gruen, “Augustus and the Making of the Principate,” both in The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus, ed. Karl Galinsky (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 13–32, 33–51; and Alison E. Cooley, “From the Augustan Principate to the Invention of the Age of Augustus,” Journal of Roman Studies 109 (2019): 71–87.
84. Michael A. Speidel, “Geld und Macht: Die Neuordnung des staatlichen Finanzwesens unter Augustus,” in La Révolution Romaine après Ronald Syme: Bilans et perspectives, ed. Adalberto Giovannini (Geneva: Fondation Hardt, 2000), 113–166.
85. On auctoritas, see Karl Galinsky, Augustan Culture An Interpretive Introduction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), and “Augustus’ auctoritas and Res Gestae 34.3,” Hermes 143, no. 2 (2015): 244–249, in response to Gregory Rowe, “Reconsidering the auctoritas of Augustus,” Journal of Roman Studies 103 (2013): 1–15; and Michèle Lowrie, Writing, Performance, and Authority in Augustan Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), esp. 279–308.
86. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, “Image and Authority in the Coinage of Augustus,” Journal of Roman Studies 76 (1986): 66–87; Roland R. R. Smith, “Typology and Diversity in the Portraits of Augustus,” Journal of Roman Archaeology 9 (1996): 30–47.
87. Geza Alföldy, “Augustus und die Inschriften: Tradition und Innovation; Die Geburt der imperialen Epigraphik,” Gymnasium 98 (1991): 289–324.
88. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, “Roman Arches and Greek Honours: The Language of Power at Rome,” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 36 (1990): 143–181.
89. Umberto Laffi, “Le iscrizioni relative all’introduzione nel 9 a.C. del nuovo calendario della provincia d’Asia,” Studi Classici e Orientali 16 (1967): 5–98; Robert K. Sherk, Roman Documents from the Greek East: Senatus Consulta and Epistulae to the Age of Augustus (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969), 328–337, no. 65 (composite text); Boris Dreyer and Helmut Engelmann, “Augustus und Germanicus im ionischen Metropolis,” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 158 (2006): 173–182; and Sacha Stern, Calendars in Antiquity: Empires, States, and Societies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 274–278, with arguments for 8 bce rather than 9 bce.
90. Kit Morrell, Josiah Osgood, and Kathryn Welch, eds., The Alternative Augustan Age (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2019).
FAQs
Augustus, Roman emperor, 63 BCE–14 CE? ›
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Latin: Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire. He reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.
What is Augustus known for? ›What did Augustus accomplish? Augustus brought peace (“Pax Romana”) to the Greco-Roman world. In 27 BCE he nominally restored the republic of Rome and instituted a series of constitutional and financial reforms that culminated in the birth of the principate. As princeps of Rome, Augustus enjoyed enormous popularity.
Who was the first Roman emperor born in 63 BCE as? ›Caesar Augustus, or Octavian orig. Gaius Octavius later Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, (born Sept. 23, 63 bc—died Aug. 19, ad 14, Nola, near Naples), First Roman emperor.
Did Augustus know about Jesus? ›Chances are he had no idea. Jesus was probably born between 6 BC and 4 BC, while Augustus died in AD 14. That would make the former 18–20 years old at the time of the latter's demise. Everything in our sources points toward the idea that Jesus didn't begin his public ministry until around his 30s.
Why did Julius Caesar adopt Augustus? ›Then Augustus got a lucky break. In 46 BC, Caesar won the civil war and was named dictator of Rome. To secure his position, he needed an heir. With no son of his own, he adopted Augustus.
Was Augustus a good emperor or bad? ›He was a conscientious and generally tolerant administrator. His reign was welcomed for its general tranquility and restoration of peace, he rebuilt the empire and he was considered one of the "good emperors" He ruled after the effects of Caligula, Nero, civil war and the year of the four emperors in a single year.
Who was Rome's emperor when Jesus died? ›Jesus Christ of Nazareth was born during the reign of the first official Roman emperor, Augustus, and was crucified under the reign of the second emperor, Tiberius.
Which Roman emperor killed Jews? ›The Temple was demolished, Titus's soldiers proclaimed him imperator in honour of the victory. Jerusalem was sacked and much of the population killed or dispersed. Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, most of whom were Jewish.
Who was the youngest Roman ruler? ›Gordian III (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus; 20 January 225 – c. February 244) was Roman emperor from 238 to 244. At the age of 13, he became the youngest sole emperor of the united Roman Empire. Gordian was the son of Antonia Gordiana and Junius Balbus, who died before 238.
Why did Rome fall? ›Its demise can be attributed to many factors, especially internal corruption, division, and outside invasion. As Rome grew in size and population, the rulers of Rome became very corrupt. Rather than serving the interests of the Empire, rulers, generals, and politicians became more concerned with protecting themselves.
What did Augustus think of the Jews? ›
Jews in Rome
Julius Caesar and Augustus supported laws that allowed Jews protection to worship as they chose. Synagogues were classified as colleges to get around Roman laws banning secret societies and the temples were allowed to collect the yearly tax paid by all Jewish men for temple maintenance.
Furthermore, there is no record of Jesus ever having met Julius Caesar or evidence that he influenced Jesus. While both were influential figures in their respective societies and times, there is no evidence to suggest that Jesus was based on Julius Caesar or that the two figures had any connection.
Who ruled Egypt when Jesus was born? ›As Egypt was a part of the Roman Empire, it was easy for Joseph and Mary to travel there. However, Egypt was outside of Herod's rule, so Jesus would be safe from Herod's death squad. At the time, Egypt was an imperial province ruled by the Roman Emperor himself, Augustus.
Who ruled Rome after Augustus? ›Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (/taɪˈbɪəriəs/, ty-BEER-ee-əs; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Claudius Nero and his wife, Livia Drusilla.
What did Augustus abolish? ›Did Augustus ever abolish the Roman Senate after he became emperor? - Quora. It certainly did, and it continued to exist for many imperial administrations thereafter. That seems surprising, when you consider that the Republican form of government was essentially over, in favor of what was very close to one-man rule.
Why did Augustus refuse to be emperor? ›But he knew that the Senate still viewed him with suspicion. Augustus was very aware of the bloody fate of his uncle, Julius Caesar, when senators suspected him of trying to create a dynasty of rulers. To avoid the same end, Augustus offered to give up the throne.
What was Augustus known for for kids? ›One of the first persons to rule over all of ancient Rome was named Augustus. He transformed Rome from a republic, ruled by many people, to a nation ruled by one emperor: himself.
How did Augustus change Roman government? ›The Roman Empire dramatically shifted power away from representative democracy to centralized imperial authority, with the emperor holding the most power. For example, under Augustus's reign, emperors gained the ability to introduce and veto laws, as well as command the army.
What is Augustus most famous for quizlet? ›Augustus is best remembered for being the first Roman emperor. He was also the first emperor to rule during the Roman Peace or Pax Romana.
Who was the longest serving emperor of Rome? ›Augustus was Rome's longest-serving emperor. He ruled for 40 years and ushered Rome into an era of peace, known as the Pax Romana.